Appearance | lyophilized powder |
Color | pale yellow |
Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
MDL | MFCD00081287 |
Use | Involved in the metabolism of purines. It can catalyze adenosine deamination to inosine, and it can also deamination 2'-deoxyadenosine to 2'-deoxyinosine. |
Safety Description | S23 - Do not breathe vapour. S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
WGK Germany | 3 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 10 |
HS Code | 35079090 |
Background and overview | hepatitis is one of the common diseases in China, hepatitis has become a serious threat to our health and daily life. There are many types of hepatitis, according to the criteria of the American society for clinical biochemistry (NACB), the hepatitis is divided into acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) hydrolase, which is an important enzyme in purine nucleoside metabolism, belongs to thiol enzyme, each molecule contains at least 2 active thiol groups, it is a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis and deamination of adenosine into inosine. It plays a key role in purine metabolism. It widely exists in various tissues of human body, with the highest content in thymus, spleen, cecum and other lymphoid tissues, and the lower content in liver, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle. ADA in blood mainly exists in red blood cells, granulocytes and lymphocytes, and its activity is about 40~70 times that of serum. ADA activity is higher in T lymphocytes than in B lymphocytes, and play a role in the regulation of blood flow. Using Gel electrophoresis can distinguish between ADA1, ADA2, ADA2-1 type. Its phenotype is controlled by a pair of alleles of ADA1 and ADA2 on chromosome 20. Generally, the 3-month bloodstain can be classified, but the ADA1 type accounts for about 95% of the Han nationality and about 84% of the ADA1 type of the minority in China. ADA individual identification ability is also low. Some individuals with combined immunodeficiency have adenosyl deaminase deficiency (autosomal recessive inheritance). Thymic hasall bodies are abnormal, susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, and bone lesions, including transmissible parts of long bones, spine, scapula, and pelvis. Adenosine deaminase isoenzyme detection can improve the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnosis of related diseases, the simplest method of measurement is to use the property that there is a significant difference in absorbance between the substrate adenosine and the product hypochlorin at UV 265nm. Another large class of methods is the determination of the product ammonia, which is currently the most widely used. Serum adenosine deaminase levels are elevated in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute viral hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The enzyme is also elevated in patients with congenital anemia. The activity of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleural effusion and ascites was significantly higher than that in other causes, so it can be used for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion and ascites, and the differential diagnosis of tuberculous and cancerous pleural effusion. |
medicinal product overview | generic name: adenosine deaminase product name: adenosine deaminase Cas No:9026-93-1 Molecular Weight: 32500 ~ 33000Da activity: 150~200 units/mg protein isoelectric point: PH 4.85 |
isozyme | human ADA gene is 32 kb and contains 12 exons, located on chromosome 20 (20q12-q1 3.11), there are three isozymes, ADA1, ADA1 CP and ADA2. The main role is to catalyze the deamination of adenosine, 2-deoxyadenosine to inosine and 2-deoxyinosine. 1) isoenzyme ADA1:ADA1 is a single chain protein with a relative molecular mass of 35000, which is commonly found in human tissues and red blood cells, and mainly acts on substrate adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine, keep it at a low concentration in the body to protect nucleated cells from damage. Patients with congenital ADA1 deficiency are immunocompromised due to elevated concentrations of 2-deoxyadenosine in their immune cells. ADA1 has a strong affinity for adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine, and has a strong deamination effect in the body, so it has the strongest biological activity among the three isozymes. 2) isoenzyme ADA1 CP :ADA1 C P has a relative molecular mass of 280000, which is actually formed by the combination of two single bond ADA1 molecules and 200000 binding protein without enzyme activity, its activity is between ADA1 and ADA2, and there is also literature that ADA1 CP is another form of ADA1 isozyme, not a single isozyme. 3) isoenzyme ADA2:ADA2 has a relative molecular mass of 100000, which is only present in monocyte-macrophages, and has weak affinity for adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine, therefore, the biological activity of ADA2 in the body is also weak. |
Metabolic reaction | ADA is a kind of nucleic acid catabolic enzyme, which can specifically catalyze the irreversible deamination reaction of adenine nucleoside, to generate hypoxanthine nucleoside, and then by nucleoside phosphorylase to produce hypoxanthine, the latter in the role of purine oxidase to generate metabolic end-product uric acid excreted by the kidney. |
Clinical application | clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) mainly comes from the liver, intrahepatic ADA mainly exists in the cytoplasm, when liver cells are damaged, ADA is released into the blood circulation, causing the increase of ADA in peripheral blood, therefore, ADA activity is a sensitive indicator to reflect the activity of liver cells, which can be used as one of the routine items of liver function test, GGT and other components of liver enzyme spectrum can comprehensively reflect the enzymatic changes of liver disease. ADA can not only reflect the degree and recovery process of acute liver injury, but also help to detect the residual lesions and progress of acute hepatitis. In chronic liver injury, Serum ADA increased significantly, the positive rate was 85.6%-91.2%, therefore, ADA activity detection can be used as one of the screening indicators of chronic liver disease; Serum ADA activity in patients with chronic active hepatitis was significantly higher than that of chronic persistent hepatitis, so it can be used for the differential diagnosis of both. The Serum ADA activity was significantly increased in cirrhosis, and the ADA activity in decompensated cirrhosis was higher than that in Compensated Cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, the positive rate of transaminase was low, and the increase was not obvious, while the positive rate of ADA activity was about 90%, the degree of increase is more obvious, therefore, ADA can be used as a better Enzyme index for the monitoring of liver cirrhosis, and with the Child -Pugh classification, the difference is statistically significant. Therefore, the detection of ADA level has a certain clinical significance in judging the prognosis of liver cirrhosis. It is reported that the difference of ADA activity is highly positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis> chronic active hepatitis> chronic persistent hepatitis. In a word, ADA has certain clinical value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver diseases, judging the evolution direction and prognosis of liver diseases, and can play an auxiliary role in the evaluation of liver function. Clinical value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis ADA activity in serum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchial and alveolar lavage fluid can increase pleural effusion in patients with tuberculosis, ADA for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy was first reported by Piras et al. in 1978, and its related reports appeared one after another. Detection of 60 cases of malignant pleural effusion and 90 cases of tuberculous pleural effusion, tuberculous pleural effusion ADA value was significantly higher than that of malignant pleural effusion, the sensitivity of the diagnosis of tuberculosis was 81.1%, specificity was 91.6%, many domestic and foreign literatures have reported that ADA has high clinical diagnostic significance for tuberculous pleurisy, and the sensitivity of pleural effusion ADA is significantly better than that of finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculin test and tuberculosis antibody test in pleural effusion, it has a high positive predictive value, high sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy, and can be used as an objective indicator of diagnosis. The positive rate of ADA in patients with tuberculous meningitis was 94.3%. ADA in patients with purulent meningitis and viral meningitis was normal, so ADA activity in cerebrospinal fluid can be used as a rapid and simple diagnostic index for early identification of tuberculous meningitis. In addition, the combined detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and ADA in pleural effusion and ascites caused by tumor tuberculosis can improve the level of differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of endocrine and metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative lack of insulin in the body, at present, it is found that the genetic immune environment and other factors are closely related. The relationship between the immune function of diabetic patients and the evolution of diabetes diagnosis has attracted the attention of many scholars. ADA is an indispensable component in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes, ADA deficiency can lead to the growth and development of T cells and affect the immune function of the body, so ADA is considered as an indicator of cellular immunity. The study found that patients with DM, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes, Serum ADA increased significantly, and the activity of Serum ADA in patients with diabetic nephropathy increased more significantly, and showed a significant positive correlation with urinary albumin, this indicates that the higher the activity of Serum ADA, the greater the possibility of renal damage in DM patients. High activity of ADA in patients with type 2 diabetes makes T-lymphocytes constantly in a state of vigorous proliferation, which may be dominated by CD4 + T cell proliferation, CD4 cells produce cytokines (such as IL-2, IFN) increased, thereby accelerating the development of diabetic nephropathy, moreover, the dynamic observation of Serum ADA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has important reference value for the diagnosis of early renal injury in DM2. Clinical value of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant hematological diseases Adenosine deaminase is an important enzyme of purine nucleoside metabolism. Recent studies have found that ADA is closely related to malignant hematological diseases, especially malignant tumors of lymphatic system. The dynamic determination of plasma ADA in 95 patients with hematologic malignancies showed that the activity of plasma ADA in lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, CLL, et al), MM and ML was significantly higher than that in healthy controls; acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most significant, and myeloid tumors in addition to AML, APL, MDS and MPD patients with plasma ADA levels were not significantly increased, MML before and after treatment of plasma ADA activity was significantly different, after treatment, ADA activity was significantly lower than before treatment; The study also found that part of the malignant blood disease ADA activity level is closely related to the number of peripheral blood tumor cells, it is speculated that the peripheral tumor burden and ADA activity also show a certain correlation; These results fully indicate that the detection of Serum ADA activity is helpful for the differential diagnosis of benign malignant hematologic diseases and auxiliary judgment of the changes of the disease. Clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysfunction, recent studies have found that the degree of activation of T lymphocytes reflects the activity of SLE. Studies have shown that the activity of Serum ADA in SLE patients is significantly higher than that in normal controls. The mechanism of the increase is mainly that the serum ADA in SLE patients is derived from activated T lymphocytes, it is also mainly caused by the increase of ADA isoenzyme produced by the activation of mononuclear macrophage system. The results also show that the serum ADA activity of SLE patients has a significant difference in the severity of SLE, there is a high correlation between the increase of Serum ADA activity and the score of SLE and DAI, which indicates that the change of Serum ADA is closely related to the severity of the disease, and has a certain clinical value in understanding the severity of the disease. In addition, Still's disease in adults (AOSD) is a systemic autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity in etiology, clinical manifestations and prognosis. The diagnosis of the disease is difficult, there is no specific method, mainly based on the exclusion method, so the misdiagnosis rate is high. The study found that ADA may be a potential diagnostic marker for AOSD. In addition, studies have revealed that defects in ADA can lead to other severe immunodeficiency and immune dysfunction. Other clinical values typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli mainly invade terminal ileum and collecting lymph nodes and proliferate in reticuloendothelial cells, causing degeneration and necrosis of these cells, and release of ADA into the blood from the tissues, this resulted in an increase in serum ADA activity. Studies have shown that ADA in typhoid and paratyphoid increased significantly, compared with healthy subjects and other Fever patients, the difference was statistically significant. Therefore, the determination of ADA can be used as typhoid and paratyphoid early diagnosis and differential diagnosis with the other Fever patients as an auxiliary examination index. |
Main reference materials | [1] Editor-in-chief of Chen Guangzhong; Ding Muying, Liu Wen, Tian Zusi, etc. The Dictionary of Chinese law. [2] Wu Guanghua, Yu Yixiu, Liu Yunxiang and other editors. Chinese dictionary of health management. Beijing: Chinese Science and Technology Press. [3] Liu Xinmin. Internal Medicine. Volume 1. Beijing: Scientific Press of military medicine. 2008. Page 557. [4] Li Haijun et al. Relationship between Adenosine Deaminase activity and liver diseases. Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western medicine Hepatology. 2008,18(1):45-46. [5] Fang San you et al. Clinical significance of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy. Chinese Journal of Modern Medicine. 2008,18(12): 1770-1774 [6] Wang Chong et al. Clinical application and research progress of Adenosine Deaminase activity assay. Clinical focus. 2007,22 (10):757-758. [7] Fang Qian et al. Clinical value and application progress of adenosine deaminase. Modern medical oncology. 2014,22(2):476-478. |
Use | biochemical research |